History 7

7th Grade History: STUDY GUIDE FOR SEMESTER 2 FINAL

The Final will test your knowledge of the Units we have covered this semester:

* The Middle Ages / Medieval Europe

* Medieval / Feudal Japan

* The Renaissance

* The Reformation

* The Enlightenment (we will learning about this next week)

MEDIEVAL EUROPE / THE MIDDLE AGES

1. Key terms

Knight- an armed, mounted solider of the feudal the feudal period who gives military service to the lord

Feudalism / Feudal System- a political and economic system in which large landholders or lords gave protection to people in return for their service to the landowner

Code of chivalry- a code a conduct greatly valued by knights, involved the values of : honesty, defending the weak, and loyalty to your lord

Noble- Top of the feudal system under the king, rich upper class person

Vassal- a person who receives land and protection and protection from a feudal lord in return for loyalty

Oath of fealty- a feudal oath of loyalty sworn to a lord in exchange for an award of land

Christianity- religion that believes in Jesus, this religion was very common in Europe during the middle ages

Charlemagne- a man who ruled 48 years, he ruled after the Roman Empire's decline, brought learning to his empire

Castle- Where the kings lived during the middle ages, they were often made of stone

Serf- peasant who was at the bottom of the feudal system

Hierarchy- a group of people organized or classified by rank and authority

Pope- means father in Latin. Top of the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy

The Crusades- Any of the military expeditions undertaken by European Christians from C.E 1100 to C.E 1400 to win the holy land of the Muslims

Clergy- a group of people who have been ordained for religious servive.

Infidel- one who is an unbeliever in Christianity

Salvation- The deliverance of a soul from the penalties of a sin

Fief-a large feudal estate

2. Be able to explain what Feudalism was and the hierarchy involved (King, Noble, Knight, Peasant - a vassal is anyone who has been given land by their lord)

Feudalism was a social and political arrangement that developed in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire, it centered on loyalty. In the feudal system there was a hierarchy. At the top of the hierarchy is the king. The king would give fiefs to people in exchange for loyalty. Next would be the Nobles. The Nobles were rich, and if they were given a fief they would become the king's vassal. Next were the knights. The knights would give protection to the people. Next were the serfs, they were at the bottom. The serfs gained protection through service, or turning over their land to a larger land owner.

3. Be able to list the hierarchy of the Church (clergy): Pope, cardinals, archbishops, bishops, priests

The Church was organized into a hierarchy so that each member to the clergy has a job and a rank. The pope is at the top of the hierarchy. The pope leads the church. The Cardinals are below the pope in the hierarchy, they are counselors to pope and elect new pope.

4. Most people believed strongly in Christianity in the Middle Ages - religion was important to them, it provided them with a spiritual center and they believed that if they achieved salvation, they would go to heaven

5. The 3 steps in becoming a knight (be able to list them - page, squire, knight)

The three steps in becoming a knight are page, squire, and knight. As a page you are 7 years old, and you serve in the household, learn strategy games and hunting. As a squire, you are about 13 and you act as a n assistant to a knight. As a Knight, you are about 20 yrs old and you are a knight who gives protection.

6. The Crusades - the dates for each of the 4 Crusades, the reasons why they were fought and the results of each / characters involved

FIRST CRUSADE

When: 1096-1099

Reason for fighting: wanted to win the holy land Jerusalem

Results: Christians won; crusader estate was established in Turkey

Characters involved: Pope Urban, Knights, people who fought in it

SECOND CRUSADE

When: 1147-1149

Reason for fighting: so Christians could overpower the Muslims who were started to take over Jerusalem.

Results: Christians lost

Characters involved: King Louis VII of France, King Conrad III of Germany, these people were the leaders of the Christians. Saladin was the leader of the Muslims.

THIRD CRUSADE

When: 1189-1192

Reason for fighting: was fought to get back the holy land from Saladin

Results: Christians didn't get the land back, but a treaty was signed indicating that they could still make pilgrimages to the holy place.

Characters involved: Emperor Fredrick I of Germany, King Richard of England, and King Philip II of France were the leaders of the Christians. Saladin led the Muslims

FORTH CRUSADE

When: 1202-1204

Reason for fighting: wanted to head east to the Mediterranean Sea rather than land

Result: Christians lost was a disaster, everyone lost respect for the crusades

Characters

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