Communications

Communications

Manuscript

Advantages - set speech, already prepared

Disadvantages - may not sound natural, might rely on it too much ( no eye contact), if things aren't going well you have to follow along,

Rapport (rapor)

Relation or connection

Memorize

Advantages - no paper, well prepared

Disadvantages - can forget, no flexibility, monotone

Impromptu

Advantages - can seem natural, nothing to prepare for

Disadvantages - being disorganized ( not detail), not fluent, can't be selective

Extemporaneous

Advantages - well prepared, sounds natural, flexibility, security, good eye contact

Disadvantages - stumble without practice, could go off topic

Roman Numerals / introduction

A. Attention getter

( joke, ask a question, quotes, tell a story, a statement)

B. Topic statement

1. Describe

2. Report

3. Explain

Rules:

Must have two copies of your outline

Must be typed

Contain working bibliography (where you find information site source)

3 minute speech

Selecting a topic (consider yourself, your own experiences, knowledge, background, the audience, knowledge of audience, consider your time, occasion)

Do research (library, Internet, films, journals, magazines, encyclopedias, newspapers)

Present in chronological order (time order), special order, climactic, topical order,

Criticism

1. Adapt criticism to the student

2. Make criticism meaningful by telling the person how to improve

3. Keep minor detail in proportion

4. Stress positive features as well

Evidence

Verbal Support something that is known to be true or shown to be tru by observation

A. Illustration - narration of incident or happening

B. Statistics -

C. Testimony- expert

D. Analogy- show how things are similar and comparisons show contrast

Visual Support charts, demonstration, models, signs, pictures, graphs (bar), etc.

Material Support experience and observation, interviews, printed materials, indexes, reference books, newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, etc.

Improper Methods of Proof

These methods are used by unethical public speakers to persuade their audiences

1. Rash Generalization

This is drawing a conclusion from evidence that does not apply to the situation.

2. Two- valued Conclusion

This is drawing a conclusion from one of only two possible sources. It excludes the possibility of other conclusions.

3. Begging the Question

This is drawing a conclusion from a premise that is not true.

4. Non sequitur

This is an illogical statement because it is not related to anything previously said.

What is deductive reasoning? That Newtons Law, everything that goes up must come down, and so if you kick the the ball up, it must come down.

What is inductive thinking?

Things that prevent you from listening: distractions, physical conditions, seating, yourself, lack of common experience, status and role of speaker, prejudice

Types of listening situations: informative listening - listening for general information specific answers to questions, opinions, directions, and instructions appreciative listening - relaxation, enjoyment, expansion of interest critical listening - to become a better judge of right or wrong

Good listening skills - propaganda devices, improper methods of truth, logic of the speaker, can I relate the performance to the assignment, can I compare and contrast there performance, do I help the speaker by paying attention, can I summarize the main points, do I see why the speaker uses certain materials, do I increase my ability to appraise evidence and judgement, did I learn anything new

Which affect listening - status of speaker, lack of experience, prejudice, all of the above

Informative

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