Behavior

Behavior-

Behave, it its root form, means to contain or to have. In the reflective sense, it means 'to have bear oneself'. To use the word behave in common conversation, it is understood as to 'behave well'. As for the phrase 'to behave badly', it is understood immediately.

Behavior is looked at in society as the way a person presents him or herself in a given situation. It is also related to the specialized sense of manners. Use of the noun to refer to public conduct or, in a moral sense, to a general range of activities is still quite common.

But the term is also used in relation to plants, lower organisms and animals to describe the apparent activity of the whole organism.

One particular meaning followed from the extension of the methodology of the physical and biological sciences to an influential school of psychology which described itself as behaviorism. Psychology was seen as a purely objective experimental branch of natural science and data of a mental or experimental kind were ruled out as unscientific. This had the effect of limiting the nature of human activity to interactions determined by an environment, other conceptions of intention or purpose being rejected.

Many socially applied fields such as communications and advertising, the relatively neutral physical senses of response have been developed into a reductive system of controlled behavior as a summary of all significant human activity.

The most important effect is the description of certain intentional human practices and systems as if they were natural stimuli, to which responses can be graded as normal, abnormal or deviant. The sense of independent response is weakened, with important effects in politics and sociology.

Bourgeois-

Originating in the French language, bourgeois indicates an inhabitant of a borough. Under the feudal regime in France, bourgeois was a judicial category in society, sometimes defined as a trustworthy citizen whose being in life is stable and content. Bourgeois was a word mostly used by the aristocrats because of their contempt for the middle-class. It was also used by the underclass in a sense of respect.

The steady growth in size and importance of this bourgeois class in the centries of expanding trade had major consequences in political thought, which in turn had complicating effects on the word. A new concept of society was expressed and translated as a civil society.

A bourgeois society is one where the bourgeois class or middle class is dominant. Different stages of bourgeois society led to different stages of the capitalist mode of economic production. It is often difficult to separate the meaning of bourgeois from the meaning used to describe historically distinct periods and phrases of social and cultural development. The bourgeois ideology of settled independent citizens is clearly not the same as the bourgeois ideology of the highly mobile agents of a para-national corporation. There are also some problems between bourgeois and capitalist, which are often used interchangeably but which are primarily distinguishable as social and economic terms.

There can be difficulties of usage, associated with some of the most intense controversies of analysis, when the same word is used for the whole society in which one class is dominate and for a specific class within that whole society.

Bureaucracy-

Definition- the word Bureaucracy originated in English in the middle of the 1900's. The word bureau had its meaning of a writing desk with drawers. The American use of Bureaucracy has become more common, especially with references to foreign branches. As the word bureaucracy evolved, many different meanings have been taken to affect.

The increasing scale of commercial organization, with a corresponding increase in government intervention and legal controls, and with the increasing importance of organized and professional central government, produced the political facts to which the new term pointed.

In English and North American usage, Bureaucracy is used to indicate a rigid or excessive power of public administration, while terms like public service or civil service were used to indicate selfless acts. In German, bureaucracy had a more favorable meaning as a neutral element in a class war. The variation of terms can still confuse the variations of evaluation, and alter the distinctions between often diverse political systems which a body of public servants or a bureaucracy can serve. Beyond this, however, there has been a more general use of bureaucracy to indicate

...