Disadvantages Of Cloning

Breyan

Ms. White

English 1213, 023

November 3, 2003

Disadvantages of Human Cloning - Loss of Human Identity

Cloning has always been a subject whose thoughts both fascinates and frightens the world. On February 27, 1997, a stunning announcement appeared in the British journal Nature that rocked the scientific world: for the first time ever recorded, a mammal- a lamb named Dolly had been successfully cloned from an adult cell. Coinciding with this shocking proclamation, scientist reported the successful cloning of a rhesus monkey, a primate whose reproduction and development is almost identical to man. With these two previously unthinkable strokes, science fiction was transformed to science fact, which inevitably unleashes a torrent of questions that can change the future of mankind- the possibility of cloning a human body.

Since 1994 America itself has grown some 3.5 trillion genetically modified plants and is being sold to satisfied customers all over the world. But with the reading of the human genome completed and with the advances that are taking place with stem-cell research, by which you can genetically modify human character traits, cloning is also forcing its breakthrough into the news which has a lot of people distressed about its consequences (America's next ethical war). "The idea that humans can exercise control over reproductive process evokes in many, notions such as genetic determinism or the co modification of life" (Gogarty). But from the viewpoint of science and technology, who regard cloning as a revolution and an astounding achievement, are proceeding with their work, and are reaching unrealistic limits.

The possibility of cloning being used as a practice is a real possibility today. Scientists on 12 May 2002, claimed to have cloned a human embryo which had developed farthest to 6 cells. On an another instance according to Gulf News on 3 April 2002, a claim by Dr. Antinori said that he had successfully implanted a cloned embryo into a women who had become 8 month pregnant. Even though these claims seem controversial they have increased the concerns and world-wide public reaction against human cloning (Dinc). Even with these boundaries and laws passed by the government, determined scientists can't be stopped as they still claim to conduct research undercover, and are making those advances into cloning of human beings.

If cloning ware to be practiced by doctors and scientists in the time to come, then it can be assumed that those clones might experience serious issues of identity and individuality. Many ethicists worry about the psychological harm that a cloned child may suffer. The concept of creating a genetic twin, although separated in time is one aspect of human cloning that psychologist find troubling. 'In Flesh of My Flesh: The Ethics of Human Cloning' author Gregory Pence states that one of the worst psychological harm that can most frequently occur is the possible loss of sense of uniqueness in the clones child. This lack of distinctive identity of their own may cause the clone to experience psychic burdens of being a twin of his/her parents (Pence 27). A child grows up knowing that his father is his brother, his grandfather is his father. Every time his father looks at him he is seeing himself grown up. A teenager may go through unbearable emotional stress trying to establish his or her identity, and if they lack to achieve that they would eventually resent being a clone (Dixon).

More over there is a strong possibility that the clone will inherit their progenitor's years of genetic wear and tear thereby resulting in short life spans. This certainly puts a dent in the hopes of some people who clone themselves to create more youthful copies of them (Weiss). The genetic distinctiveness not only symbolizes the uniqueness of each human life but also the independence that the child rightfully obtains from the parents. This being the case, the cloned person may begrudge being saddled with a genotype that has already been lived. This could lead to another serious implication of human cloning where the childhood and life of the cloned person will be preplanned. Some scientists argue that human cloning is ethical since it already happens naturally in the case of twins. However, in cloning there is a time gap between the beginning of the lives of the earlier and later twin and so is fundamentally different from homogenous twins starting their lives at the same time. A later twin created by cloning knows or at least believes she knows, too much about herself. A cloned individual will not be a surprise to this world. People are going to compare their performances in life to that of their progenitor. It will seem that their fate has already been determined and the clone will feel cheated in freely and spontaneously creating his or her own future and authentic self (Nussbaum and Suntein 153).

These psychological implications on the clones could lead to an unfamiliar family relationship. Some moralists argue that the disparity between the child's genetic and social identity threatens the stability of the family. Is the child who results from the cloning the sibling or the child of the parents? The child of the grandchild of its grandparents? From this perspective the child's family and social well-being may be in doubt or even endangered. As author Gregory Pence states

For as we shall see, in the very fact of cloning, and of rearing him as a clone, his makers subvert the cloned child's independence, beginning with the aspect that comes from knowing that one was an unbidden surprise, a gift, to the world, rather than the designed result of someone's artful project (27).

The cloned child may be compelled to fulfill the dreams or expectations of the parents. If the cloned person's genetic progenitor is of a famous musician or of an athlete, parents may exert an improper amount coercion to get the child to develop those talents (Andrews 251). The child will be forced to lead a life others expect him to a life that has already been lived, but with full of expectations from the blueprint of someone else's life.

Cloning can also result in parent's lacking a feeling towards their cloned offspring. For example, if a couple's son was slowly dying and needs a kidney transplant in 7-8 yrs, the parents might clone a brother so one of his liver could be used. For the parents the younger brother was a means to saving a really important life, and might treat the second son merely as a clone. In other cases, some people may wish to clone their dying loved ones and

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